Contraception, Reproduction, Health, Woem, Children, Developing countries 

Notes:
Includes references, appendices, and glossary. 

Contents:

Executive Summary 1

1. Introduction, 5
The Demographic Context, 6
Family Planning in Developing Countries, 9
Organization of the Report, 11

2. Hypotheses about Reproductive Patterns and Women’s and Children’s Health, 5
Direct Effects of Reproductive Patterns on Health, 13
Indirect Effects of Reproductive Patterns on Health, 20
Other Possible Explanations, 21
Available Evidence, 22

3. Reproductive Patterns and Women’s Health, 25
Sources of Evidence, 26
Effects of Young Maternal Age and Primiparity, 29
Effects of Older Maternal Age, High Parity, or Both, 30
Effects of Short Intervals Between Births, 31
Effects of Pregnancy in Increasing Morality From Other Conditions, 31
Effects of Unsafe Induced Abortion, 32
Conclusion, 32

4. Contraceptive Benefits and Risks
Oral Contraceptives, 37
Intrauterine Devices, 43
Barrier Methods, 45
Long – Acting Contraceptives, 46
Sterilization, 48
Traditional Methods, 50
Dimensions of New Research, 51

5. Reproductive Patterns and Children’s Health
Source of Evidence, 55
Effects of Being Firstborn and Young Maternal Age, 58
Effects of High Birth Order and Older Maternal Age, 61
Effects of Short Birth Intervals, 61
Effects of Unwanted Pregnancy, 65
Effects of Maternal Health Conditions, 66
Minimizing the Risks of Child Death, 67

6. Changes in Reproductive Patterns
Fertility Declines and Birth Order Distributions, 78
Maternal Ages at Childbearing, 79
Spacing of Births, 82
Contraceptives Use and Induced Abortion, 86
Effects of Changes in Reproductive Patterns on Morality Rates, 87
Conclusion, 88

7. Conclusion
Reproductive Patterns and Women’s Health: Risks for Individual Women, 91
Reproductive Risks and Children’s Health: Risks for Individual Children, 93
Aggregate – level Effects, 94
Indirect Effects of Reproductive Change on the Health of Women and Children, 96
Family Planning and the Health of Women and Children, 97

References
Appendix: Background Papers
Glossary